For generations, scientists have probed the structure and composition of the planet using seismic wave studies. This consists of measuring shock waves caused by earthquakes as they penetrate and pass ...

thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. Each of the layers are bounded by "pauses" where the greatest changes in thermal characteristics, chemical ...

While most of us take the ground beneath our feet for granted, written within its complex layers, like the pages of a book, is Earth's history. Our history. Research shows there are little-known ...

Scientists may finally be closing in on the origins of two colossal, mysterious structures buried nearly 1,800 miles inside Earth—hidden formations that have puzzled researchers for decades. New ...

The Earth’s inner core, a solid sphere predominantly composed of iron and nickel, occupies a central role in our planet’s evolution and geodynamo processes. Although hidden beneath thousands of ...

For decades, scientists have been baffled by two enormous, enigmatic structures buried deep inside Earth with features so vast and unusual that they defy conventional models of planetary evolution.

A schematic diagram for the three constituent parts of Earth system science and their functional elements A schematic diagram for the behavior of physical, chemical and biological interactions within ...

The illustration shows a cutaway revealing the interior of early Earth with a hot, melted layer above the boundary between the core and mantle. Scientists think some material from the core leaked into ...